10 febrero, 2013

Argentina y la causa de la inflación K: Es la emisión, estúpido

Argentina y la causa de la inflación K: Es la emisión, estúpido

Argentina - Billete Evita
Por José Luis Espert
La Argentina atrasa porque hace casi 100 años que hace más o menos lo mismo, dándoles permanente crédito a las causas de su decadencia. Ahora han vuelto, como sacadas de un baúl repleto de moho, las teorías viejas y fracasadas de los 70 y los 80. Que la puja distributiva entre empresarios y asalariados por mayor participación en el ingreso, que los mercados concentrados, que los empresarios ávidos de llenarse de plata con sus negocios y la infaltable "inercia inflacionaria". 

¿La Argentina es el único país del planeta en el que los empresarios quieren maximizar su ganancia minimizando, si pueden, la competencia con sus pares de su propio país o del extranjero? Claro que no, pero sí es uno de los que tiene mayor inflación en el mundo. Así que a la teoría del empresario argentino concentrador con colmillos "draculianos" podemos eliminarla por absurda. Al menos para explicar una suba permanente de precios.
Sigue la "inercia". Esta palabra fue acuñada por el genio científico Isaac Newton a fines del siglo XVII en la primera ley del movimiento, que postulaba, en términos simples, que la materia tiende a permanecer en su estado natural, de reposo o de movimiento (independientemente de la dirección y la velocidad).
Llevado al terreno de la inflación, los "econoinercialistas" dirían que ella tiene vida propia, se perpetúa, permanece.
Qué vivos, nunca te explican y ésa es la discusión hoy: ¿por qué aparece la inflación?; ¿qué es lo que la causa antes de que tenga vida propia o inercia? Newton, cuando elaboró sus leyes del movimiento, daba por hecho la existencia de la materia y la materia llamada "inflación" (y más en los niveles récord mundial como la nuestra) no es algo que salió de un repollo. Así que, "econoinercialistas": a la facu de nuevo y que esta vez sea buena.
Una idea vieja sobre la cual hay bastante acuerdo entre los economistas es que la cantidad de dinero (neteada o no del crecimiento de la economía) y los precios van de la mano. Cualquier serie histórica de cualquier longitud temporal con la cantidad de países que se quiera lo muestra claramente ( http://focoeconomico.org/2012/04/01/que-sabemos-sobre-la-emision-y-la-inflacion ). Las grandes divergencias en la profesión aparecen cuando se habla de la causalidad: ¿la emisión genera inflación?; ¿es a la inversa?; ¿o nada (sólo hay "una relación")?
Por no ser inflacionaria, dejemos de lado la emisión monetaria "genuina" para abastecer la mayor demanda de dinero causada por el crecimiento de la economía y pensemos además en un modelo de tipo cambio semifijo como el que tuvimos en 2003-2010.
Si suben los salarios, así Moyano no para el país, y los empresarios aumentan los precios para pagarlos (con mayor facilidad si la economía está cerrada al comercio), la demanda nominal de dinero subirá. Si el Banco Central (BCRA) no emite, habrá recesión. Pero como nadie la quiere, el BCRA terminará emitiendo.
Si un déficit fiscal se financió con reservas (o emisión monetaria) el BCRA se quedará en un momento sin ellas, devaluará para recuperarlas, habrá inflación, subirá la demanda nominal de dinero y se emitirá para evitar una mayor recesión.
Cuando hay emisión, hay inflación, y viceversa. O sea, hay relación.
Durante la última década en la que la inflación se multiplicó por 8 pasando de 3,7% en 2003 a 30% en el presente, tuvimos bastante de lo mencionado en los párrafos anteriores.
En 2004, Néstor Kirchner comenzó con los aumentos de salarios por decreto. En el verano de 2005 y ya pensando en las elecciones legislativas, enviaba a su entonces amigo Moyano a apretar empresarios para que dieran fuertes subas salariales. Desde 2005, el ex ministro Roberto Lavagna beneficiaba a sus amigos proteccionistas (MAC), cerrando la economía y complicando a la competencia importada, para que pagaran aquellos mayores salarios. Y luego del récord de superávit fiscal de 2004, en 2005 comenzó el deterioro fiscal más grande de los últimos 20 años, a tal punto que hoy el 55% ($ 321.000 millones) del activo del Banco Central es el "humo" de los pagarés del Tesoro nacional, colocados a cambio de emisión monetaria y reservas para financiar el desequilibrio fiscal.
La inflación nunca hubiera pasado de 3,7% (que es como si fuera 0% para nuestro currículum) a 30% (récord mundial) si no hubiera habido emisión respondiendo a la mayor demanda nominal de dinero por la suba de precios, producto del capitalismo de amigos o para financiar a un Estado deficitario. Hubiéramos tenido suba de la tasa de interés y recesión, pero nunca inflación. Hubo inflación porque hubo emisión. Y si tenemos en cuenta que el que tiene el monopolio de la emisión del dinero, única unidad de medida de los precios, es el BCRA, es claro que la causalidad va desde la emisión a la inflación, y no a la inversa. Y ya hay econometría que la prueba y, por si fuera poco, las teorías no monetaristas de la inflación ya tuvieron su agosto en el país en los 70 y los 80. Y terminamos chamuscados por la hiperinflación.
No será fácil salir de la estanflación causada por "el modelo", sin antes pasar por el purgatorio de un plan antiinflacionario como hacen los países que no quieren ser una burda imitación de la Venezuela de Hugo Chávez (casi todos en el mundo). Esto es, ajuste fiscal y monetario. Sí, es el revival de la ortodoxia. Cristina lo hizo..

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