Argentina y la causa de la inflación K: Es la emisión, estúpido
Por José Luis Espert
La Argentina atrasa porque hace casi 100 años que hace
más o menos lo mismo, dándoles permanente crédito a las causas de su
decadencia. Ahora han vuelto, como sacadas de un baúl repleto de moho,
las teorías viejas y fracasadas de los 70 y los 80. Que la puja
distributiva entre empresarios y asalariados por mayor participación en
el ingreso, que los mercados concentrados, que los empresarios ávidos de
llenarse de plata con sus negocios y la infaltable "inercia
inflacionaria".
¿La Argentina es el único país del planeta en el que
los empresarios quieren maximizar su ganancia minimizando, si pueden, la
competencia con sus pares de su propio país o del extranjero? Claro que
no, pero sí es uno de los que tiene mayor inflación en el mundo. Así
que a la teoría del empresario argentino concentrador con colmillos
"draculianos" podemos eliminarla por absurda. Al menos para explicar una
suba permanente de precios.
Sigue la "inercia". Esta palabra fue acuñada por el
genio científico Isaac Newton a fines del siglo XVII en la primera ley
del movimiento, que postulaba, en términos simples, que la materia
tiende a permanecer en su estado natural, de reposo o de movimiento
(independientemente de la dirección y la velocidad).
Llevado al terreno de la inflación, los "econoinercialistas" dirían que ella tiene vida propia, se perpetúa, permanece.
Qué vivos, nunca te explican y ésa es la discusión hoy:
¿por qué aparece la inflación?; ¿qué es lo que la causa antes de que
tenga vida propia o inercia? Newton, cuando elaboró sus leyes del
movimiento, daba por hecho la existencia de la materia y la materia
llamada "inflación" (y más en los niveles récord mundial como la
nuestra) no es algo que salió de un repollo. Así que,
"econoinercialistas": a la facu de nuevo y que esta vez sea buena.
Una idea vieja sobre la cual hay bastante acuerdo entre
los economistas es que la cantidad de dinero (neteada o no del
crecimiento de la economía) y los precios van de la mano. Cualquier
serie histórica de cualquier longitud temporal con la cantidad de países
que se quiera lo muestra claramente ( http://focoeconomico.org/2012/04/01/que-sabemos-sobre-la-emision-y-la-inflacion
). Las grandes divergencias en la profesión aparecen cuando se habla de
la causalidad: ¿la emisión genera inflación?; ¿es a la inversa?; ¿o
nada (sólo hay "una relación")?
Por no ser inflacionaria, dejemos de lado la emisión
monetaria "genuina" para abastecer la mayor demanda de dinero causada
por el crecimiento de la economía y pensemos además en un modelo de tipo
cambio semifijo como el que tuvimos en 2003-2010.
Si suben los salarios, así Moyano no para el país, y
los empresarios aumentan los precios para pagarlos (con mayor facilidad
si la economía está cerrada al comercio), la demanda nominal de dinero
subirá. Si el Banco Central (BCRA) no emite, habrá recesión. Pero como
nadie la quiere, el BCRA terminará emitiendo.
Si un déficit fiscal se financió con reservas (o
emisión monetaria) el BCRA se quedará en un momento sin ellas, devaluará
para recuperarlas, habrá inflación, subirá la demanda nominal de dinero
y se emitirá para evitar una mayor recesión.
Cuando hay emisión, hay inflación, y viceversa. O sea, hay relación.
Durante la última década en la que la inflación se
multiplicó por 8 pasando de 3,7% en 2003 a 30% en el presente, tuvimos
bastante de lo mencionado en los párrafos anteriores.
En 2004, Néstor Kirchner comenzó con los aumentos de
salarios por decreto. En el verano de 2005 y ya pensando en las
elecciones legislativas, enviaba a su entonces amigo Moyano a apretar
empresarios para que dieran fuertes subas salariales. Desde 2005, el ex
ministro Roberto Lavagna beneficiaba a sus amigos proteccionistas (MAC),
cerrando la economía y complicando a la competencia importada, para que
pagaran aquellos mayores salarios. Y luego del récord de superávit
fiscal de 2004, en 2005 comenzó el deterioro fiscal más grande de los
últimos 20 años, a tal punto que hoy el 55% ($ 321.000 millones) del
activo del Banco Central es el "humo" de los pagarés del Tesoro
nacional, colocados a cambio de emisión monetaria y reservas para
financiar el desequilibrio fiscal.
La inflación nunca hubiera pasado de 3,7% (que es como
si fuera 0% para nuestro currículum) a 30% (récord mundial) si no
hubiera habido emisión respondiendo a la mayor demanda nominal de dinero
por la suba de precios, producto del capitalismo de amigos o para
financiar a un Estado deficitario. Hubiéramos tenido suba de la tasa de
interés y recesión, pero nunca inflación. Hubo inflación porque hubo
emisión. Y si tenemos en cuenta que el que tiene el monopolio de la
emisión del dinero, única unidad de medida de los precios, es el BCRA,
es claro que la causalidad va desde la emisión a la inflación, y no a la
inversa. Y ya hay econometría que la prueba y, por si fuera poco, las
teorías no monetaristas de la inflación ya tuvieron su agosto en el país
en los 70 y los 80. Y terminamos chamuscados por la hiperinflación.
No será fácil salir de la estanflación causada por "el
modelo", sin antes pasar por el purgatorio de un plan antiinflacionario
como hacen los países que no quieren ser una burda imitación de la
Venezuela de Hugo Chávez (casi todos en el mundo). Esto es, ajuste
fiscal y monetario. Sí, es el revival de la ortodoxia. Cristina lo hizo..
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